At Robinhood, we have an order entry system that accepts both buy and sell orders from our clients. These orders must be validated first before they are forwarded to a third party exchange.

For this question, we will only focus on limit order instead of market orders. Because limit orders do not receive immediate executions from the stock market, there can be an arbitrary wait. This means the orders can stay open forever.

Our system must tolerate concurrent requests and server instance failures without data corruption or 'double spending' issues.

On our journey to democratize finance for all, we’ve created the concept of fractional shares. Fractional shares are pieces, or fractions, of whole shares of a company or ETF.

However, exchanges only trade in whole shares. Robinhood is required to manage the fractional portion of each trade.

• If Robinhood has 0 shares of AAPL and then a customer wishes to purchase 1.5 AAPL shares, Robinhood will need to request 2 shares from the exchange and hold on to the remaining 0.5 shares.
• If another customer requests to purchase 0.4 shares of AAPL, Robinhood can use its inventory (0.5 shares) instead of going out to the exchange and will have 0.1 shares of AAPL remaining.
• If the third customer requests 0.5 shares, Robinhood can fill 0.1 shares out of inventory but will need to go to the exchange for an additional share leaving Robinhood's inventory at 0.6 shares.
• If a customer requests a dollar based order, we need to convert it to the relevant number of shares and run through the above steps.
• Always ensure the firm has a positive quantity in inventory and has under one share after handling an order. There's no need for us to hold onto whole shares!

Steps:

• Handle buying fractional shares.
• Handle selling fractional shares.
• Ensure inventory is less than 1 after each order.
  • e.g. Customer sells AAPL for 0.75 and then another sells AAPL for 0.50 -- we have 1.25 inventory. We can sell 1 share to the market and keep our inventory small at 0.25.
• Ensure inventory is always non-negative after each order.
  • e.g. Inventory is 0.2 and the customer buys 0.5 shares: ensure we end up with 0.7 shares in inventory.
• Always “flatten”! (steps 3+4)

The final 2 digits of every integer is the decimal. e.g. 1000 = 10.00, 20 = 0.20, 100 = 1.

Example scenario:

Input:

// One AAPL buy order for 0.42 shares. AAPL is currently worth $1.
orders: [["AAPL","B","42","100"]]
// Inventory for AAPL is currently 0.99 shares.
inventory: [["AAPL","99"]]

Expected Output:

// The users buys 0.42 shares from inventory, leaving us with 0.57 shares.
[["AAPL","57"]]

Another example scenario:

Input:

// One AAPL buy order for $0.42. AAPL is currently worth $1, so that's 0.42 shares.
orders: [["AAPL","B","$42","100"]]
// Existing AAPL inventory is 0.50 shares.
inventory: [["AAPL","50"]]

Expected Output:

// 0.50 - 0.42 = 0.08 shares leftover.
[["AAPL","8"]]

Follow-up

Build an inventory log for all orders from the perspective of the Inventory. The new output would be an array of two lists where the first value is the current inventory list and the second value is the new list of order logs.

The inventory log is an ordered list of type [symbol, quantity, side, contra] from the perspective of the inventory. For example:

[[“AAPL”, “100”, “B”, “MARKET”], [“AAPL”, “42”, “S”, “CUSTOMER”]]

This list means that we first bought 1 share of AAPL from the market, then sold 0.42 shares of AAPL to the customer.

[[<current list>], [<new_order_log_list>]]

• [execution time limit] 3 seconds (java)
• [memory limit] 1 GB
• [input] array.array.string orders

A list of orders in the format of [$SYMBOL, $BUY_OR_SELL, $QUANTITY, $CURRENT_PRICE]. Each parameter is a string.

$SYMBOL: Can be "AAPL", "GOOGL", "MEOOOOOW" or anything really.
$BUY_OR_SELL: "B" or "S". B for BUY, S for SELL.
QUANTITY: Can be a number or a dollar amount (prefixed with $). e.g. "100" for 1 quantity or "$150" for $1.50.
CURRENT_PRICE: Current price of the symbol with no sign. e.g. "1000" for $10.

** All numbers are multiplied by 100 to store two significant digits. e.g. 100 = 1.00, 150 = 1.50, 1025 = 10.25 **

• [input] array.array.string inventory

Inventory is a list of the inventory of each symbol. Each element in the list a 2 item list of [$SYMBOL, $QUANTITY] (remember quantity is multiplied by 100!).

An example for AAPL of 0.50 shares and GOOGL of 0.75 shares would be:

[["AAPL","50"],
["GOOG","75"]]

• [output] array.array.string

The output is the final inventory of each symbol after iterating through each trade. This is expected to be in the same order and format as the inventory parameter.

e.g.

["AAPL","58"],
["GOOG","50"]]

Build a service/system that can support defining and running jobs on a schedule.
Requirements:

1. Should be able to create jobs
2. Should be able to schedule and run jobs
3. Should be able to report failures and successes
4. Should be reliable and have strong guarantees about its job runs
5. Should be able to view logs and status of running jobs, as well as previously finished jobs
6. Should be able to handle when a job takes longer to run than expected (SLA)

On our journey to democratize finance for all, we’ve created the concept of fractional shares. Fractional shares are pieces, or fractions, of whole shares of a company or ETF.

However, exchanges only trade in whole shares. Robinhood is required to manage the fractional portion of each trade.

If Robinhood has 0 shares of AAPL and then a customer wishes to purchase 1.5 AAPL shares, Robinhood will need to request 2 shares from the exchange and hold on to the remaining 0.5 shares.
If another customer requests to purchase 0.4 shares of AAPL, Robinhood can use its inventory (0.5 shares) instead of going out to the exchange and will have 0.1 shares of AAPL remaining.
If the third customer requests 0.5 shares, Robinhood can fill 0.1 shares out of inventory but will need to go to the exchange for an additional share leaving Robinhood's inventory at 0.6 shares.
If a customer requests a dollar based order, we need to convert it to the relevant number of shares and run through the above steps.
Always ensure the firm has a positive quantity in inventory and has under one share after handling an order. There's no need for us to hold onto whole shares!
Steps:

• Handle buying fractional shares.
• Handle selling fractional shares.
• Ensure inventory is less than 1 after each order. e.g. Customer sells AAPL for 0.75 and then another sells AAPL for 0.50 -- we have 1.25 inventory. We can sell 1 share to the market and keep our inventory small at 0.25.
• Ensure inventory is always non-negative after each order. e.g. Inventory is 0.2 and the customer buys 0.5 shares: ensure we end up with 0.7 shares in inventory.
• Always “flatten”! (steps 3+4)

Input:
// One AAPL buy order for 0.42 shares. AAPL is currently worth $1.
orders: [["AAPL","B","42","100"]]

// Inventory for AAPL is currently 0.99 shares.
inventory: [["AAPL","99"]]
Expected Output:
// The users buys 0.42 shares from inventory, leaving us with 0.57 shares.
[["AAPL","57"]]

Input:
// One AAPL buy order for $0.42. AAPL is currently worth $1, so that's 0.42 shares.
orders: [["AAPL","B","$42","100"]]
// Existing AAPL inventory is 0.50 shares.
inventory: [["AAPL","50"]]

Expected Output:
// 0.50 - 0.42 = 0.08 shares leftover.
[["AAPL","8"]]

[["AAPL","50"],
["GOOG","75"]]

[["AAPL","58"],
["GOOG","50"]]